| ID | 386 |
|---|---|
| Name | ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI) |
| Cause | Bacteria and viruses have been reported as the main causes of ARIs |
| Signs Symptoms | unny nose, congestion, sneezing, cough, and mucus production |
| Diagnosis | The most common virus is rhinovirus. Other viruses include the influenza virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus |
| Investigations | |
| Management | Pervention |
| Introduction | The common ARI includes the following: 1. Acute nasopharyngitis (acute coryza or common cold). Caused by-Viruses: rhinoviruses & (corona viruses, entero-viruses, adenoviruses, resp. syncytial virus). Bacterial: group A streptococci, h. influenze etc. 2. Acute pharyngitis : acute tonsillitis. Caused by-Viruses: as above Bactertial: as above. 3. Epidemic Influenza. Caused by-Viruses: influenza A & B. 4. Viral Group (acute laryngotracheobronchitis). Caused by-Viruses: parainfluenza 1,2,3, (rhinoviruses, enteroviruses). 5. Acute Bronchitis. Caused by-Viruses: rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, (influenza A & B). Bacterial: step, pneumonic, h. influence, staph.aureus. 6. Acute sinusitis. Caused by-Secondary to any acute nasopharyngeal infections (viral or bacterial), allergic factors. 7. Acute otitis media. Caused by-Bacterial: s. pneumonic; h. Influenze; e. catarrhalis; hemolytic strep; s. aureus s. pyogens . 8. Diphtheria. Caused by-Bacterial: corynebacterium diphtheric. 9. Pertussis (whooping cough). Caused by-Bacterial: b. pertussis. 10. Bronchiolitis. Caused by-Viruses: respiratory syncytial virus, (parainfluenza 3). Bacterial: no evidence of bacterial cause. 11. Bronchopneumonia. Caused by Bacterial: pneumococcus, strepto coccus, staphylococcus, h. influenze, klebsiella, p. erug- inosa, tubercle bacillus. Viral: resp. syncytial vims, adenovirus, Giant cell pneumonia. Influenza A & B. Other organisms & causes: rickettial; mycotic infection; chemicals; aspiration pneumonias etc. |
| History | |
| Etiology | |
| Clinical Features | Acute respiratory infections may be caused by viruses, bacteria, or both. Thus, determination of the causative agent is crucial to limit the abuse of antibiotics |
| Preventions | Avoid contact with droplets or secretions of saliva, mucus and tears. |
| Treatment | get plenty of rest. drink lots of water to loosen any mucus and make it easier to cough up. drink a hot lemon and honey drink to help soothe a cough (not suitable for babies under 1 year old) gargle with warm salty water if you have a sore throat (children should not try this) |
| Complications | Empyema. Empyema is a collection of pus beside the lungs, caused by a bacterial infection that can lead to life-threatening problems such as sepsis (bacteria in the blood) and shock. ... Lung abscess. ... Potts puffy tumor. ... Orbital cellulitis. ... Orbital abscess. ... Mastoiditis. |
| Prognosis | |
| Types | The common ARI includes the following: 1. Acute nasopharyngitis (acute coryza or common cold). Caused by-Viruses: rhinoviruses & (corona viruses, entero-viruses, adenoviruses, resp. syncytial virus). Bacterial: group A streptococci, h. influenze etc. 2. Acute pharyngitis : acute tonsillitis. Caused by-Viruses: as above Bactertial: as above. 3. Epidemic Influenza. Caused by-Viruses: influenza A & B. 4. Viral Group (acute laryngotracheobronchitis). Caused by-Viruses: parainfluenza 1,2,3, (rhinoviruses, enteroviruses). 5. Acute Bronchitis. Caused by-Viruses: rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, (influenza A & B). Bacterial: step, pneumonic, h. influence, staph.aureus. 6. Acute sinusitis. Caused by-Secondary to any acute nasopharyngeal infections (viral or bacterial), allergic factors. 7. Acute otitis media. Caused by-Bacterial: s. pneumonic; h. Influenze; e. catarrhalis; hemolytic strep; s. aureus s. pyogens . 8. Diphtheria. Caused by-Bacterial: corynebacterium diphtheric. 9. Pertussis (whooping cough). Caused by-Bacterial: b. pertussis. 10. Bronchiolitis. Caused by-Viruses: respiratory syncytial virus, (parainfluenza 3). Bacterial: no evidence of bacterial cause. 11. Bronchopneumonia. Caused by Bacterial: pneumococcus, strepto coccus, staphylococcus, h. influenze, klebsiella, p. erug- inosa, tubercle bacillus. Viral: resp. syncytial vims, adenovirus, Giant cell pneumonia. Influenza A & B. Other organisms & causes: rickettial; mycotic infection; chemicals; aspiration pneumonias etc. |
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